Studie des US-Verteidigungsministeriums zu sexuellen Übergriffen bei den Streitkräften, 8.5.2013 (engl. Originalfassung)
2012 Workplace and Gender Relations Survey of Active Duty Members
The Department of Defense (DoD) continues to emphasize sexual assault and sexual harassment response and prevention in the military. This survey note discusses findings from the 2012 Workplace and Gender Relations Survey of Active Duty Members (2012 WGRA), a source of information for evaluating these programs and for assessing the gender-relations environment in the active duty force. The 2012 WGRA is the fifth active duty survey on gender-relations issues (the survey has been administered in 1995, 2002, 2006, 2010) as mandated by U.S. Code Title 10. This survey assesses the prevalence of sexual assault and sexual harassment in the active duty force.
This survey note and accompanying briefing (Appendix) provide information on the prevalence rates of sexual assault, and sexual harassment and sexist behavior; personnel policies, practices, and training related to sexual assault; and an assessment of progress.
The 2012 WGRA was fielded September to November 2012. Completed surveys were received from 22,792 eligible respondents. The overall weighted response rate was 24%.
This survey note provides top-line results for members by gender. When 2012 WGRA questions are comparable to questions in the previous 2002, 2006, and 2010 surveys, an analysis of trends is also presented. If the questions do not have comparable trend comparisons, then only results from 2012 are presented. When a result is annotated as higher or lower than another result, the reader should understand that to be a statistically significant difference at the .05 level of significance.
The ability to calculate annual prevalence rates is a distinguishing feature of this survey. This report includes rates of unwanted sexual contact, unwanted gender-related behaviors (i.e., sexual harassment and sexist behavior), and gender discriminatory behaviors and sex discrimination experienced during the past 12 months.
Unwanted Sexual Contact
The 2012 WGRA survey includes a measure of unwanted sexual contact (i.e., sexual assault) originally developed for the 2006 Workplace and Gender Relations Survey of Active Duty Members. Although this term does not appear in the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), it is used as an umbrella term intended to include certain acts prohibited by the UCMJ. For the purposes of the 2012 WGRA survey, the term “unwanted sexual contact” means intentional sexual contact that was against a person’s will or which occurred when the person did not or could not consent, and includes completed or attempted sexual intercourse, sodomy (oral or anal sex), penetration by an object, and the unwanted touching of genitalia and other sexually-related areas of the body. Members were asked questions related to personal experiences of unwanted sexual contact in the 12 months prior to taking the survey. Members who indicated they experienced unwanted sexual contact were then asked to provide details of the experience that had the greatest effect (i.e., where the situation occurred and who the offenders were). Trend comparisons on unwanted sexual contact are presented from surveys administered in 2006, 2010 and 2012. Also included for the first time in 2012 WGRA is a measure of unwanted sexual contact prior to entering and since joining the military.
Unwanted Gender-Related Behaviors
The 2012 WGRA includes measures of unwanted gender- related behaviors (i.e., sexual harassment and sexist behavior) derived from the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (Fitzgerald et al., 1988; Fitzgerald, Gelfand, & Drasgow, 1995). To determine the extent of unwanted gender-related behaviors, members were provided a list of 12 sexual harassment behaviors and four sexist behaviors and were asked to indicate how often they had experienced the behaviors in the past 12 months. The 12 sexual harassment behaviors comprise three components of sexual harassment—crude/offensive behavior (e.g., repeatedly told sexual stories or jokes that are offensive); unwanted sexual attention (e.g., unwanted attempts to establish a romantic sexual relationship despite efforts to discourage it); and sexual coercion (e.g., treated badly for refusing to have sex). To be included in the calculation of the sexual harassment rate, members must have experienced at least one behavior defined as sexual harassment and indicated they considered some or all of the behaviors to be sexual harassment. Sexist behavior is defined as verbal and/or nonverbal behaviors that convey insulting, offensive, or condescending attitudes based on the gender of the respondent (Fitzgerald et al., 1988). Members who indicated they experienced unwanted gender related behaviors were then asked to provide details of the experience that had the greatest effect (i.e., where the situation occurred and who the offenders were). Trend comparisons on unwanted gender- related behaviors are presented from surveys administered in 2002, 2006, 2010, and 2012.
Overall, 6.1% of women and 1.2% of men indicated they experienced unwanted sexual contact in 2012. For women, this rate is statistically significantly higher in 2012 than in 2010 (6.1% vs. 4.4%); there is no statistically significant difference between 2012 and 2006 (6.1% vs. 6.8%). There is no statistically significant difference for men in the overall rate between 2012 and 2010 or 2006 (1.2% vs. 0.9% and 1.8%). Of the 6.1% of women who experienced unwanted sexual contact, 32% indicated the most serious behavior they experienced was unwanted sexual touching only, 26% indicated they experienced attempted sex, and 31% indicated they experienced completed sex. There were no statistically significant differences in the most serious behaviors for women between 2006, 2010, and 2012. Of the 1.2% of men who indicated experiencing unwanted sexual contact, 51% indicated the most serious behavior they experienced was unwanted sexual touching only, 5% indicated they experienced attempted sex, and 10% indicated they experienced completed sex. There were no statistically significant differences in the most serious behaviors for men between 2006, 2010, and 2012.
Unwanted Sexual Contact (USC) Details of the Experience That Had the Greatest Effect
Of the 6.1% of women who indicated experiencing USC, the circumstances of the experience that had the greatest effect were as follows:
Most experiences happened at a military installation (67%) and during work day/duty hours (41%; both unchanged from 2006 and 2010).
94% indicated the offender(s) were male only; 1% indicated the offender(s) were female only; and 5% indicated the offenders were both males and females (all unchanged from 2006 and 2010).
The top three types of offenders indicated were: military coworker(s) (57%), another military person (40%), and another military person(s) of higher rank/grade who was not in their chain of command (38%; all unchanged from 2006 and 2010).
3% indicated the offender used drugs to knock them out, 47% indicated they or the offender had been drinking alcohol before the incident, and 2% indicated they or the offender had been using drugs before the incident.
50% indicated the offender used some degree of physical force (22 percentage points higher than 2006 and unchanged since 2010), 17% indicated the offender threatened to ruin their reputation if they did not consent (unchanged from 2006 and 2010), and 12% indicated the offender threatened to physically harm them if they did not consent (unchanged from 2006 and 2010).
30% indicated that the offender sexually harassed them before or after the situation; 8% indicated the offender stalked them; and 20% indicated the offender both sexually harassed and stalked them.
17% indicated they reported the incident to a military authority or organization only (unchanged from 2010) and 16% reported to both a civilian and a military authority or organization (9 percentage points higher than 2010).
Of the 33% of women who reported to a military authority, 27% made only a restricted report; 51% only an unrestricted report; and 21% a converted report (all unchanged from 2010).
The main reasons these women chose to report the incident were: it was the right thing to do (72%), to stop the offender from hurting others (67%), and to seek closure on the incident (67%).
Of the 67% of women who did not report to a military authority, the main reasons they chose not to report the incident were: they did not want anyone to know (70%; unchanged from 2006 and 2010), they felt uncomfortable making a report (66%; unchanged from 2006 and 2010), and they did not think their report would be kept confidential (51%; unchanged from 2010).
Of the 1.2% of men who indicated experiencing USC, the circumstances of their experience that had the greatest effect were as follows:
Most experiences happened at a military installation (73%) and during work day/duty hours (49%; both unchanged from 2006 and 2010).
The top three types of offenders indicated were: military coworker(s) (52%), another military person (28%), and someone in their military chain of command (27%; all unchanged from 2006 and 2010).
9% indicated the offender used drugs to knock them out, 19% indicated they or the offender had been drinking alcohol before the incident, and 8% indicated they or the offender had been using drugs before the incident.
22% indicated the offender used some degree of physical force, 21% indicated the offender threatened to ruin their reputation if they did not consent, and 18% indicated the offender threatened to physically harm them if they did not consent (all unchanged from 2006 and 2010).
19% indicated the offender sexually harassed them before or after the situation; 2% indicated the offender stalked them; and 21% indicated the offender both sexually harassed and stalked them.
10% indicated they reported the incident to a military authority or organization only and 9% reported to both a civilian and a military authority or organization (both unchanged from 2010).
Thirty percent of women and 6% of men indicated they experienced unwanted sexual contact prior to entry into the military. Including experiences of unwanted sexual contact in the past 12 months, 23% of women and 4% of men indicated they experienced unwanted sexual contact since joining military.
Unwanted Gender-Related Behaviors
Twenty-three percent of women (10 percentage points lower than 2006) and 4% of men (2 percentage points lower than 2006 and unchanged from 2002 and 2010) indicated experiencing sexual harassment in past 12 months. Forty-one percent of women (4 percentage points lower than 2002, 11 percentage points lower than 2006, and unchanged from 2010) and 20% of men (9 percentage points lower than 2006 and unchanged from 2002 and 2010) indicated experiencing crude/offensive behavior. Twenty-three percent of women (4 percentage points lower than 2002, 8 percentage points lower than 2006, and unchanged from 2010) and 5% of men (2 percentage points lower than 2006 and unchanged from 2002 and 2010) indicated experiencing unwanted sexual attention. Eight percent of women and 2% of men indicated experiencing sexual coercion (both unchanged from 2002, 2006, and 2010). Forty-seve percent of women (3 percentage points lower than 2002, 7 percentage points lower than 2006, and 4 percentage points higher than 2010) and 15% of men (7 percentage points lower than 2006 and unchanged from 2002 and 2010) indicated experiencing sexist behavior.
This variable was constructed by combining the unwanted sexual contact (USC) rate for the past 12 months with Q9 that asked members, who did not experience USC in the past 12 months, if they have experienced USC since joining the military. This variable is designed to give an overall percentage of active duty men and women who had experienced USC in their military career.
Personnel Policies, Practices, and Training
Active duty members were asked their perceptions of policies, practices, and training related to sexual assault:
70% of women (11 percentage points higher than 2006 and 5 percentage points higher than 2010) and 83% of men (8 percentage points higher than 2006 and 10 percentage points higher than 2010) indicated they would feel free to report sexual assault without fear of reprisals to a large extent.
88% of women and 94% of men indicated their leadership does well to make it clear that sexual assault has no place in the military; 80% of women and 88% of men indicated their leadership does well to promote a unit climate based on mutual respect and trust; 77% of women and 86% of men indicated their leadership does well to lead by example; and 73% of women and 85% of men indicated their leadership does well to create an environment where victims would feel comfortable reporting.
67% of women and 74% of men were aware of their installation's Sexual Assault Awareness Month programs, 66% of women and 73% of men indicated they are aware of the Safe Helpline, and 56% of women and 67% of men were aware of the Sexual Assault Prevention Web site (www.myduty.mil).
96% of women (7 percentage points higher than 2006 and 3 percentage points higher than 2010) and 97% of men (8 percentage points higher than 2006 and 4 percentage points higher than 2010) indicated they had sexual assault training in the past 12 months.
o Of those women who had training in the past 12 months, the top three aspects of sexual assault training were: it provides a good understanding of what actions are considered sexual assault (94% – two percentage points higher than 2010 and unchanged from 2006), it explains the reporting options available if a sexual assault occurs (94% – 3 percentage points higher than 2006 and 2010), and it teaches that the consumption of alcohol might increase the likelihood of sexual assault (94% – 2 percentage points higher than 2010).
o Of those men who had training in the past 12 months, the top two aspects of sexual assault training were: it explains the reporting options available if a sexual assault occurs (94% – 3 percentage poings higher than 2006 and 2010), it provides a good understanding of what actions are considered sexual assault (94% – 2 percentage points higher than 2006 and 2010), and it teaches that the consumption of alcohol might increase the likelihood of sexual assault (94% – 2 percentage points higher than 2010).
Ten percent of women and 19% of men indicated sexual assault in the nation is less of a problem today than four years ago. Sixteen percent of women and 25% of men indicated sexual assault in the military is less of a problem today than four years ago.
The population of interest for the 2012 WGRA consisted of members of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force, excluding National Guard and Reserve members, who (1) had at least six months of service at the time the questionnaire was first fielded and (2) were below flag rank.
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